Sep 21, · UK law covers the laws and legislation of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Essays, case summaries, problem questions and dissertations here are relevant to law students from the United Kingdom and Great Britain, as well as students wishing to learn more about the UK legal system from overseas. Related Articles Jan 11, · 1. Biographical Sketch. R.G. Collingwood was born in at Cartmel Fell, Lancashire, at the southern tip of Windermere. His father, W.G. Collingwood, was an archaeologist, artist, and acted as John Ruskin’s private secretary in the final years of Ruskin’s life; his mother was also an artist and a Articles and Essays; Listen to this page. to Nationhood and Survival Timeline and James Spriggs Paynes (). Next, Anthony William Gardiner () was elected president for three terms. Gardiner resigned during his third term and was replaced by Alfred Francis Russell (). Benjamin Anderson made a second
Robin George Collingwood (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Collingwood — was a British philosopher and practising archaeologist best known for his work in aesthetics and the philosophy of history.
During the s and s his philosophy of history, in particular, occupied centre stage in the debate concerning the nature of explanation in the social sciences and whether or not they are ultimately reducible to explanations in the natural sciences. Primarily through the interpretative efforts of W. Collingwood is the author of two of the most important treatises in meta-philosophy written in the first half of the twentieth century, An Essay on Philosophical Methodand An Essay on Metaphysics They both contain a sustained discussion of the role and character of philosophical analysis and a g gardiner essays the method of philosophy is distinct from and irreducible to the methods of the natural and the exact sciences.
He is often described as one of the British Idealists, although the label fails to a g gardiner essays his distinctive kind of idealism, which is conceptual rather than metaphysical. In An Essay on Metaphysics he attacked the neo-empiricist assumptions prevalent in early analytic philosophy and advocated a logical transformation of metaphysics from a study of being or ontology to a study of the absolute presuppositions or heuristic principles which govern different forms of a g gardiner essays. Collingwood thus occupies a distinctive position in the history of British philosophy in the first half of the twentieth century.
He rejects equally the neo-empiricist assumptions that prevailed in early analytic philosophy and the kind of metaphysics that the analytical school sought to overthrow. His logical a g gardiner essays of metaphysics also ensures a distinctive role and subject matter for philosophical enquiry and is thus far from advocating a merely therapeutic conception of philosophy or the dissolution of philosophical into linguistic analysis in the manner of ordinary language philosophy.
Collingwood was born in at Cartmel Fell, Lancashire, at the southern tip of Windermere. His father, W. Collingwood was taught at home until the age of thirteen when he went to preparatory school and the following year to Rugby School. In he went up to University College, a g gardiner essays, Oxford, to read Literae Humaniores. He was elected as a Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, a g gardiner essays, while still taking his final examinations.
On beginning his philosophical studies in he came under the influence of the Oxford realists, especially E, a g gardiner essays. Carritt and John Cook Wilson. Until around he was a professed realist; however, a g gardiner essays, his realism was progressively undermined by his close engagement with continental philosophy, especially the work of Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Gentile. This was partly the result of his friendship with J. Smith, a g gardiner essays, Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy from to Both Croce and de Ruggiero were personal as well as philosophical friends, although his relationship with de Ruggiero was closer.
At the same time Collingwood was engaged in practical archaeological work, spending his summers from onwards directing excavations of Roman sites in the north of England.
Although he sometimes described his archaeology as a hobby, he nonetheless became an authority on the history and archaeology of Roman Britain, conducting many excavations, writing hundreds of papers, and systematically working his way around the country recording and transcribing Roman inscriptions. During the First World War Collingwood applied for a commission in the army but was rejected because of his poor eyesight.
Having been a keen cadet at Rugby School and an enthusiast for the National Service League, this came as a blow. From January onwards Collingwood spent most of his time living and working in London in the Intelligence Section of the Admiralty; although he continued to see pupils in Oxford weekly, he gave no lectures between and He left the Admiralty in June and resumed lecturing in January During his time at the Admiralty he was the main author of two book length reports: A Manual of Belgium and the Adjoining Territories ; and A Manual of Alsace-Lorraine A spin off from this work was his entry on Luxemburg in the Encyclopaedia Britannica 12 th ed.
In late Collingwood wrote an extensive survey of the history of the ontological proof, together with an analysis of the argument. This survey was given as a series of lectures in the early s. He drew on this material in some of his later work, especially in Faith and ReasonAn Essay on Philosophical Method and An Essay on Metaphysics In Collingwood wrote Speculum Mentis, a g gardiner essays.
During this period he was also lecturing on ethics, Roman history, the philosophy of history, and aesthetics: his Outlines of a Philosophy of Art based a g gardiner essays his lectures was published in Throughout the s and early s Collingwood was also heavily engaged in historical and archaeological work, publishing The Archaeology of Roman Britain in and several editions of Roman Britain.
To add to his self-imposed burden of overwork, his abilities as a linguistically versatile polymath he was able to read scholarly work in English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Dutch, Latin, and Greek were in great demand from onwards in his capacity as a Delegate to the Clarendon Press, a g gardiner essays.
In April he suffered complications arising from chicken pox and began to suffer from high blood pressure. He was granted leave of absence by the university; following his return, in the autumn ofhe began writing an important new book, regarded by many as the pinnacle of his philosophical achievement— An Essay on Philosophical Method This had its origins in the methodological introduction to the lectures on moral philosophy he had delivered annually throughout the preceding decade.
The Essay was a sustained investigation of the nature of philosophical reasoning through an examination of the distinctive character of philosophical concepts. Following publication of the EssayCollingwood focused his philosophical energies on the philosophy of history and the philosophy of nature. The lectures he delivered at this time later formed the basis of the posthumously published The Idea of History and The Idea of Nature In Collingwood succeeded J.
Smith as Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy and moved from Pembroke to Magdalen College. He delivered his inaugural lecture on The Historical Imagination in October of that year, a g gardiner essays. He had been elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in and delivered a lecture on Human Nature and Human History to the Academy in May These two lectures were later incorporated into The Idea of History.
In Collingwood wrote The Principles of Art ; whilst correcting the proofs he suffered a stroke, the first of many to come. From this time onwards he was conscious that he was a g gardiner essays on borrowed time, a g gardiner essays. His An Autobiography records his determination to put on record an account of the work he hoped to do but might not live to complete, a g gardiner essays. During a recuperative voyage to the Dutch East Indies in —9 he wrote An Essay on Metaphysics and began work on what he regarded as his magnum opus, a g gardiner essays, The Principles of History not published until On his return to Oxford Collingwood lectured on moral and political philosophy and worked at The New Leviathan which he saw as his contribution to the war effort.
He wrote the book against a background of increasingly debilitating strokes. Collingwood died in Coniston on 9 January ; he was nearly He is buried in Coniston churchyard in an unassuming grave between his parents and John Ruskin. He was succeeded in the Waynflete Chair by Gilbert Ryle. The moral philosopher, for example, distinguishes between different kinds of good: the pleasant, the expedient, and the right EPM When philosophers distinguish between the pleasant, the expedient, and the a g gardiner essays as species of the good they are not sorting things into mutually exclusive classes.
If this were their goal then the philosophical distinction between a g gardiner essays pleasant, the expedient, and the right would imply that. whatever is pleasant must therefore be both inexpedient and wrong; that whatever is expedient must be both wrong and unpleasant, a g gardiner essays, and that whatever is right must be both unpleasant and inexpedient. EPM But this is clearly not the case because philosophers allow that one and the same action may be brought under different descriptions depending on whether it is motivated by desire the pursuit of pleasureby self-interest expediency or by duty the right.
Because philosophical distinctions bring objects under different descriptions rather than sorting them into classes, a g gardiner essays, they defy the rules which apply to the relation between genera and species in the traditional a g gardiner essays of classification EPM: In the traditional theory of classification, the adjacent species of a genus tend to be mutually exclusive.
Natural history, for example, classifies organisms into animals and vegetables, animals into vertebrates and invertebrates, vertebrates into mammals, birds, reptiles, and so on. These adjacent species tend to capture mutually exclusive classes the class of vertebrates is different from the class of invertebrates; the class of animals is different from the class of vegetables.
EPM: Philosophical distinctions allow for complete not merely partial overlap. It is not merely the case, for example, that some actions a g gardiner essays exemplify both the concept of expediency and that of the right in the way in which the platypus is both a mammal and a bird or amphibians are both aquatic and terrestrial animalsbut that in principle any action which falls under one species of a philosophical genus could also fall under its adjacent concept: the class of actions which instantiate the principle of expediency could therefore in principle be the very same as the class of actions which instantiate the principle of duty.
By the same token to disambiguate the conception of the good into the pleasant, the expedient, and the right is not the same as sorting actions into those performed in the pursuit of pleasure, self-interest, a g gardiner essays, or duty.
The distinction between the pleasant, the expedient, and the right, as with the distinction between love and jealousy is a distinction that philosophers would want to make even if the world were such that actions motivated by duty necessarily benefitted the agent so that the class of actions motivated by self-interest or by duty would contain the very same members.
Philosophical distinctions are purely intensional distinctions to which there may correspond no difference in the class of objects falling under the concepts that philosophical analysis disambiguates. Concepts, Collingwood says, may be viewed from two perspectives, their extension and their intension. Thus the concept of colour unites all the individual colours of all individual coloured things into a class of which they are members; but it also unites the specific colours red, orange, yellow, green, and so forth into a genus of which they are the species.
It may be convenient to refer to the former unification by saying that the concept is general, to the latter by saying that it is generic. EPM 28— In the traditional doctrine of classification intensional distinctions piggyback on extensional ones:. The logical doctrine of classification, as it stands in the ordinary text-books, implies a certain definite connexion between these two characteristics of the concept: namely that if a g gardiner essays genus is distinguished into a a g gardiner essays number of species, the class of its instances can be correspondingly divided into an equal number of sub-classes.
Each sub-class will comprise the instances of one specific concept; the totality of the sub-classes will comprise that of the generic concept… EPM Philosophical distinctions do not follow this logic because they do not presuppose that the concepts the philosopher disambiguates capture a specific set or class.
The task of philosophical analysis precisely is to distinguish concepts which coincide in their instances. A g gardiner essays two philosophical concepts coincide in their instances the thing which exemplifies them is not a hybrid, as amphibians or the platypus are.
It is one thing seen from different perspective or brought under different descriptions. So, for example, a song exemplifies the concepts of music and poetry, but to say this is not the same as saying that it is part music and part poetry in the way in which a centaur is part man and part horse or the platypus is part mammal and part oviparous. Aesthetic distinctions between poetry and music, like moral ones, are distinctions which bring the whole of the object, not a part of it, under a different description.
Philosophical distinctions are purely intensional distinctions between distinct concepts or a g gardiner essays. But they are not for this reason inconsequential. The distinction between the concept of mind and the concept of body or matter is a philosophical distinction, a g gardiner essays.
The task of the philosopher of mind is to distinguish between concepts which coincide in their instances and to disambiguate what one means, for example, when speaking about the human being qua biological being and qua person.
When philosophers so distinguish between mind and body, they do not do this in the manner of natural scientists who sort animals into the classes of mammals and oviparous. Minded beings are not hybrids who are part mind and part body in the way in which the minotaur is part man and part horse:. Not a part of man, but the whole of man is body in so far as he approaches the problem of self-knowledge by the methods of natural science. Not a part of man, but the whole of man is mind, in so far as he approaches the problem of self-knowledge by expanding and clarifying the data of reflection.
NL The philosophical distinction between the concepts of mind and body is not to be confused with a real or metaphysical distinction as argued by Descartes, a g gardiner essays. The claim that mind is a sui generis concept or category that is distinct from that of the body does not entail that it could exist apart from the body. Philosophical distinctions are intensional distinctions with no deep ontological implications. Distinguishing the explanandum of history, i. The true question concerning the relation between the mind and the body, a g gardiner essays.
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Sep 21, · UK law covers the laws and legislation of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Essays, case summaries, problem questions and dissertations here are relevant to law students from the United Kingdom and Great Britain, as well as students wishing to learn more about the UK legal system from overseas. Related Articles Life. The son of Rawson Boddam Gardiner, he was born near Alresford, blogger.com was educated at Winchester College and Christ Church, Oxford, where he obtained a first class in Literae blogger.com was subsequently elected to fellowships at All Souls () and Merton (). For some years he was professor of modern history at King's College London, and devoted his life to the subject The Pequot War was an armed conflict that took place between and in New England between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their allies from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes. The war concluded with the decisive defeat of the Pequot. At the end, about Pequots had been killed or taken into captivity
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